This trophic level is responsible for processing organic material and returning nutrients to the ecosystem.
Decomposers
A model that suggests that organisms that are able to move will distribute themselves according to the amount of food available, with higher concentrations of organisms located near higher concentrations of food is called the __________.
Ideal Free Distribution Model
Change driven by new external geophysical conditions such as rising average temperatures resulting from global climate change is termed ____________.
Allogenic Succession
_______ occur when predators in a food chain suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is an herbivore).
Trophic cascades
Species are typically larger, grow more slowly, have fewer offspring and spend more time parenting them are termed ________.
K-selected
The full range of habitat types in which a species can exist and reproduce without any competition from other species is called its _________.
fundamental niche
An interaction where one species benefits and one is harmed is termed _________.
Predation or Parasitism
The process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches, and coexistence is obtained through the differentiation of their realized ecological niches is called ____________.
niche partitioning
An abandoned agricultural field transitions back to forest and sun-tolerant weeds and herbs appear first, followed by dense shrubs like hawthorn and blackberry. After about a decade, birches and other small fast-growing trees move in, sprouting wherever the wind blows their lightweight seeds. In 30 to 40 years, slower-spreading trees like ash, red maple, and oak take root, followed by shade-tolerant trees such as beech and hemlock. What ecological concept does this example illustrate? _____________.
succession
The most important biogeochemical cycle(s) affecting ecosystem health are the __________.
Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle All of the Above Phosphorus Cycle Water Cycle
When ecosystems are more strongly influenced by the abundance of organisms at high trophic levels in the ecosystem, the ecosystem is said to be controlled from the ________.
Top down
Change driven by the inhabitants of an ecosystem, such as forests regrowing on abandoned agricultural fields is termed ____________.
autogenic succession
Organisms that tend to be small, short-lived, opportunistic, and to grow through irregular boom-and-bust population cycles are termed _________.
r-selected
An interaction where one species benefits and the other is not affected is termed ___________.
Commensalism
A species'________ can be thought of as its range in practice, or the range of habitat types from which it is not excluded by competing species.
realized niche
When the supply of energy and nutrients influences ecosystem activities at higher trophic levels by affecting the amount of energy that moves up the food chain, the ecosystem is said to be controlled from the ________.
Bottom-Up
When organisms of different species compete for the same resources in the same habitat, one species will commonly be more successful in this competition and exclude the second from the habitat. This is referred to as the ____________.
competitive exclusion principle
These are the essential, and often limited mineral nutrients required for ecosystem health.
Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium
An interaction where both species involved are harmed and population growth rates are reduced is termed _________.
Competition
A fundamental concept in ecology that refers to the more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community is termed ________.
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